A Hybrid Zero-Knowledge Proof Protocol for Post-Quantum Cryptography
EDN: ZCCFEM
Abstract
The paper presents a hybrid zero-knowledge proof protocol, QZKP-Hybrid, designed to protect information from quantum and classical attacks. The protocol combines two approaches: quantum-resistant lattice cryptography (LWE) and quantum methods using special quantum states ∣ϕx⟩ and SWAP testing. The protocol solves the classical zero-knowledge proof problem (ZKP) in a post-quantum context and finds application in authentication, digital signatures, and blockchain. The protocol is non-interactive due to the Fiat-Shamir transformation. A prohibition on cloning quantum states is also used, physically protecting secret information from forgery. The security of QZKP-Hybrid is proven in the UC security model using a sequence of hybrid games. It is proven that no adversary, even with a quantum computer, can break the protocol. The protocol can be implemented using existing technologies. For example, fiber-optic channels can be used to transmit quantum states, allowing the protocol to be implemented in real-world systems. QZKP-Hybrid can be used in post-quantum systems. It is suitable for tasks where data must be hidden while still being verified. The protocol has demonstrated a good balance between security and performance. With a parameter size of n = 512, it operates quickly and requires little memory. This allows it to be used in mobile devices and IoT systems. Future research plans include studying the impact of decoherence and noise on protocol accuracy and extending the model to multiple participants.
Keywords
zero-knowledge proof (ZKP),
UC-security,
post-quantum cryptography,
quantum protocols,
LWE,
SWAP-test,
hybrid cryptography
Supporting agencies: The results were obtained with financial support from the project “Technologies for Countering Previously Unknown Quantum Cyber Threats”, implemented under the state program of the federal territory Sirius “Scientific and Technological Development of the Federal Territory Sirius” (Agreement No. 23-03 dated September 27, 2024).
About the Author
S. B. Kuznetsov
University “Sirius”, Federal Territory “Sirius”
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey B. Kuznetsov — Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor, Leading Research Engineer, Scientific Center for Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence
Sochi
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Review
For citations:
Kuznetsov S.B. A Hybrid Zero-Knowledge Proof Protocol for Post-Quantum Cryptography. Territory Development. 2026;(1 (43)):77-88. (In Russ.) EDN: ZCCFEM
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